ALLINGREDIENTS.

Shuttles long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for oxidation.

Carnitine form that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Studied for cognition and neuropathy.

The most studied sports supplement. Increases phosphocreatine stores in muscle.

Rate-limiting precursor to carnosine, which buffers H+ in muscle.

Raises blood arginine and nitric oxide more efficiently than arginine itself.

NO precursor. Poor oral bioavailability — citrulline is usually better.

Primary fuel for intestinal cells. Supports gut barrier integrity.

Inhibitory neurotransmitter. Precursor to collagen. Supports sleep quality.

Supports cardiac function, bile acid conjugation, and neurotransmission.

Produces calm focus. Often paired with caffeine.

Precursor to dopamine and norepinephrine. Studied for stress and focus.

Precursor to serotonin and melatonin. Supports sleep and mood.

Glutathione precursor. Antioxidant and mucolytic.

The most widely consumed psychoactive substance. Blocks adenosine, improves performance.

Milder stimulant than caffeine. Found in cocoa.

Adaptogen for stress and fatigue. May improve mood and endurance.

Reduces cortisol in multiple RCTs. May improve testosterone and stress resilience.

Adaptogen studied for liver protection and stress resilience.

Raised LH and testosterone in rodent studies via GnRH signaling. No human testosterone RCT.

Human RCTs show testosterone increase in hypogonadal men [citation:37]. Aromatase inhibition shown in vitro.

Contains 4-hydroxyisoleucine, which stimulates insulin release. Studied for testosterone and creatine uptake.

Fulvic acid mineral complex. Possibly effective for testosterone in hypogonadal men [citation:31].

Activates AMPK. Reduces blood glucose and HbA1c in human RCTs.

May improve insulin sensitivity and blood glucose. Ceylon variety is safer for long-term use.

May reduce sugar absorption and improve insulin sensitivity.

Increases bioavailability of curcumin and other compounds by inhibiting glucuronidation.

Studied for exercise performance and oxygen utilization. Human data mixed.

Stimulates NGF synthesis. Studied for cognition and nerve regeneration.

Adaptogenic mushroom. Studied for immune function and stress.

High in melanin and antioxidants. Studied for immune support.

Hormone-like vitamin. VDR receptors present in Leydig cells. Supplementation matters mainly in deficiency.

Required for collagen synthesis. Regenerates vitamin E.

Required for DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation. Methyl and adenosyl forms are bioidentical [citation:34].

Required for DNA synthesis and homocysteine metabolism.

Activates osteocalcin for bone calcium deposition. Synergistic with D3.

Cofactor for neurotransmitter synthesis. P5P is the active form.

Essential for testosterone synthesis. Supplementation helps only if deficient.

May lower SHBG and raise free testosterone. Small studies.

Enhances insulin signaling. Modest effects on weight and blood sugar.

Cofactor in 300+ enzymes. Forms differ in bioavailability and GI tolerance [citation:27][citation:33].

Cofactor for glutathione peroxidase. Antioxidant defense.

Oxygen transport. Supplementation helps only in deficiency.

Required for thyroid hormone synthesis.

EPA and DHA. Anti-inflammatory. Supports brain and cardiovascular health.

Medium-chain triglycerides. Rapidly converted to ketones and energy.

Universal antioxidant. R-ALA is the biologically active form.

Electron carrier in mitochondrial ATP production. Ubiquinol is the reduced, active form.

Carotenoid antioxidant. Studied for skin, eyes, and exercise recovery.

Main catechin in green tea. Inhibits COMT, amplifies thermogenesis with caffeine.

Anti-inflammatory polyphenol. Poor bioavailability unless enhanced with piperine or phospholipids.

Studied for longevity pathways. Human data is mixed.

Potent Nrf2 activator. Requires myrosinase for conversion.

Short-chain peptides. Studied for skin elasticity and joint comfort. Requires vitamin C.